Britain was eager to tame Nasser and looked towards the United States for support. The Baghdad Pact emerged from the 1955 Iraq-Turkey Treaty and bound those two states together with Great Britain, Iran, and Pakistan. Instead, Nasser feared Eisenhower and Dulles’ “Northern Tier” strategy, later named the Baghdad Pact. BAGHDAD PACT, popular name for the 1955 pro-Western defense alliance between Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, and the United Kingdom.At the height of the Cold War, the Middle East, with strategic bases bordering the Soviet Union, vital communications links, and significant oil wealth, represented a valuable region for Western interests. In the mid-1950s, the US was trying to form an alliance called the Baghdad Pact, to contain the Soviets from spreading into the Middle East. In the Cold War, Nasser wanted to follow a policy of non-alignment, meaning that he did not want to side with either the US or the Soviet Union. He associated it with Western imperialism. Since the Suez Crisis of 1956, the preeminent question for US policy in the Middle East had been how to deal with Nasser and, in a broader sense, what secular Arab nationalism actually represented. He decided that Nasser was an over-powerful soviet ‘puppet’ and therefore, together with the UK, America designed a combination of measures designed to weaken the Egyptian premier’s position (Young et al., 2004: 263). The way to improved Soviet-Egyptian relations had been prepared by Nasser’s refusal to join the Baghdad Pact (the Middle East Treaty Organization, later known as the Central Treaty Organization), which had been formed earlier that year by Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, and the United Kingdom, with the support of the United States, to counter the threat of Soviet expansion in the Middle East. Part of Nasser's opposition to the Baghdad Pact lay in the delivery of British arms to Iraq at a time when Egypt's own armoury was in dire need of modernization. John Foster Dulles (1888-1959) As I found out in writing about Iraq and Baghdad I saw that the Baghdad Pact was brought about by the USA in 1955 which caused Egypt's Nasser to be very angry and he then turned to the Russians for aid. (ibid, p. 6) Foster Dulles counted this against Nasser. This intervention scuppered the planned adherence of Jordan, Lebanon, and Saudi Arabia (although Turkey and Iraq did join). Date: 13 April 1975 – 13 October 1990 (15 years and 6 months) (Last battle ended on 6 July 1991, Syrian occupation ended on 30 April 2005) Location Why did many Marxists in the era of decolonization consider Nasser’s Egypt and ... urging them to reject the Anglo-American sponsored anti-Soviet Baghdad Pact. Secretary Dulles said that the meeting in London of the so-called Baghdad Pact countries began informally on Sunday 6 and lasted through Tuesday. In 1955, the United Kingdom, Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Pakistan signed a treaty known as the Middle East Treaty Organization, Central Treaty Organization, or the Baghdad Pact, in order to forge a US-aligned bloc of middle eastern countries close to the Soviet Union. The 1955 Baghdad pact, signed by the British government, had also angered Nasser. As noted, the Shah joined. The US was not a member, but Secretary of State Dulles had helped organize it and was allied with Turkey and Pakistan from which it could fly aircraft into the Soviet Union. Nasser’s refusal to accept the regional defence pact agreed in Baghdad caused US president Eisenhower to worry about Egypt’s intentions. The agreement with Britain on the bases, and especially the apparent American offer of support once it was completed, appeared to hold out what Nasser … This central Asian treaty defended imperialist interests in Iran, Iraq and elsewhere in the Middle East. However, President Eisenhower remained unresponsive; America's closest ally in the region, Saudi Arabia, was just as fundamentally opposed to the Hashemite-dominated Baghdad Pact as Egypt, and the U.S. was keen to increase its own influence in the region. British formed anti-soviet pact in Middle East, 1955 Baghdad Pact with Turkey and Iran, trying to convince Iraq to join as well Iraq being an Arab state, Nasser refused to let it join because he saw it as an instrument of western intervention, seducing other Arab nations join, thus isolating Egypt The question then arose as to what to do about the Baghdad Pact. Nasser had opposed the Baghdad Pact, and his successful effort to prevent Jordan from joining the pact is an example of his pragmatic diplomatic strategy. For this reason, Nasser opposed the creation of the USA-backed Baghdad Pact based on diplomatic and military alliance against the Soviet Bloc and managed to prevent the participation in it of Syria and Jordan as Nasser conceived of this pact as a penetration of imperialist power into the Middle Eastern policy. The United States had felt that Iraqi membership was unnatural and tended to involve the Pact in Arab-Israeli issues. Q6: Why did Nasser want to nationalize the Suez Canal Company? He told the Secretary of State that he could not join any anti-communist alliance that included Great Britain as a partner or silent partner, since they had been the world’s greatest colonizer for decades. It wanted Egypt to join the Baghdad Pact directed against the Soviet Union. Though Syria instigated the union, Syrians were dissatisfied with the result and seceded in September 1961. Q7: Why did Britain and France oppose nationalization? Nasser opposed the Baghdad Pact, supported the Algerian war of independence, and linked up with India in pushing a global movement of the nonaligned nations that would accept aid … This military alliance would eventually include Turkey, Iraq, Pakistan, and Iran, and Washington hoped the arrangement would halt Soviet expansion into the Middle East. I thought, "Whoever was the Secretary of State at the time to have made such a mess of it all. Nasser did this after telling John Foster Dulles he would not join the Baghdad Pact (which eventually became CENTO). ), political union of Egypt and Syria proclaimed on February 1, 1958, and ratified in plebiscites later that month. [Note: The Baghdad Pact (at right) was a defensive organization for promoting shared political, military and economic goals founded in 1955 by Turkey, Iraq, Great Britain, Pakistan and Iran and was designed to be similar to NATO in preventing the spread of communism and fostering peace in the Middle East. Nasser had opposed the Baghdad Pact, and his successful effort to prevent Jordan from joining the pact is an example of his pragmatic diplomatic strategy. Nasser's pragmatism towards Jordan meant that he aimed to force the Jordan regime to decline to join the pact, but he did … The three Asian-Moslem members of the Pact—Turkey, Iran and Pakistan—were represented by their Prime Ministers, who had been in a state of considerable gloom as a result of the coup in Iraq. But the Soviet Union provided arms and political support to many liberation struggles against colonial powers. It was one of the reasons why the USA pulled out of the Aswan Dam deal, which led to the Suez Crisis of 1956, which led to Nasser going to the Russians for co-financing of Aswan. Iraqi membership in the Baghdad Pact was perhaps one of the reasons why the Government of Iraq was overthrown so easily. The Baghdad Pact was originally an alliance between Turkey, Iraq, Pakistan, Iran and Britain (America joined the military committee of the alliance in 1958 and Iraq left in 1959 and it became known as CENTO, the Central Treaty Organisation). United Arab Republic (U.A.R. Egypt continued to use the name United Arab Republic … Baghdad Pact. It financed and helped to build the high ham in Aswan. Thus Britain’s influence in the region, its military bases in Egypt, Jordan and Iraq, as well as the Baghdad Pact, were all important to Britain. The Pact emerged at the same time as NATO and the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) and attempted to surround the Soviet Union with a series of pro-Western military organizations. However, President Eisenhower remained unresponsive; America's closest ally in the region, Saudi Arabia, was just as fundamentally opposed to the Hashemite-dominated Baghdad Pact as Egypt, and the U.S. was keen to increase its own influence in the region. Britain was eager to tame Nasser and looked towards the United States for support. Nasser infuriated the French government by refusing to call for an end to the uprising in Algeria against French occupation. USA POSITION during Suez Canal Crisis USSR POSITION during Suez Canal Crisis [7] Nasser … Nasser had been opposed to the Baghdad Pact, a pro-Western alliance created in 1955 that included Britain, Turkey, Pakistan and Iran of Shah Pahlavi. The US too opposed an invasion of Egypt. He told Dulles he could not join any organization that included the United Kingdom as a silent partner, since they were the largest colonial empire in the world. Nasser's pragmatism towards Jordan meant that he aimed to force the Jordan regime to decline to join the pact, but he did … On the one hand were those nations abiding by the Baghdad Pact, rejecting Soviet relations and Arab nationalism, while simultaneously embracing US aid and alliance. Gamel Abdel Nasser of Egypt did not. 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